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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Navarrese electoral Carlism (Restoration) ： ウィキペディア英語版 Navarrese electoral Carlism (Restoration) Navarrese electoral Carlism of Restoration was vital to sustain Traditionalism during the period between the Third Carlist War and the Primo de Rivera dictatorship. The movement, defeated in 1876, during the Restauración period recalibrated its focus from military action to political means and media campaigns. Accommodating themselves to political framework of the Alfonsine monarchy, party leaders considered elections, and especially elections to Cortes Generales, primary vehicle of political mobilization. Navarre turned out to be the Carlist electoral stronghold; it elected 35% of all Carlist deputies voted into the parliament during almost 50 years of the monarchical liberal democracy. Though the phenomenon remained marginal from the national Spanish perspective, political prowess of Carlism in the province was key to sustain its potential until the movement regained momentum during the Second Spanish Republic. ==Electoral system== During the entire Restauración period Navarre was divided into 5 electoral districts, territorially roughly corresponding to the existing judicial districts;〔César Layana Ilundáin, ''Elecciones generales en Navarra (1876-1890)'', Pamplona 1998, ISBN 8495075172, 9788495075178, pp. 65-92, Mina Apat, María Cruz, ''Elecciones y partidos en Navarra (1891-1923)'', () José Luis Garcia Delgado (ed.), ''La España de la Restauración'', Madrid 1985, ISBN 8432305111, pp. 111-113, Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, ''Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891'', () ''Príncipe de Viana'' 57 (1996), pp. 186-7〕 4 of them (Estella, Aoiz, Tafalla and Tudela) were categorized as “distritos rurales” with one mandate each, and 1 (Pamplona) enjoyed the status of a “circunscripcion” with 3 mandates available. In both types of districts mandates were assigned according to the first-past-the-post system. In the 20th century the comarca of Améscoas was moved from the Pamplona district to the Estella district.〔though none of the studies consulted suggests gerrymandering〕 Until the 1886 elections the eligible voters (around 19.000, some 6% of the population) were males above 25 years of age with appropriate material status.〔i.e. those who paid annual fees known as “contribución territorial” (rural areas, ca 17.5 thousand payers in 1886) or “subsidio industrial” (urban residents, around 1.5 thousand payers in 1886)〕 Starting the 1891 campaign the rights were granted to all males above 25 years, which increased the number of potential voters to around 64.000 people (some 21% of the population).〔see population and electorate numbers quoted by Zaratiegui 1996, pp. 178, 199〕 Spanish elections of the Restauración are marked by 2 distinct features: turnismo and caciquismo. According to the turnista routine, elections were organized by one of two rotating pre-appointed parties, Conservatives and Liberals, to ensure their parliamentary majority; the objective was achieved by a wide range of electoral manipulations known as pucherazos.〔see Rosa Ana Gutiérrez, Rafael Zurita, Renato Camurri, ''Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890-1923)'', Valencia 2003, ISBN 8437056721, 9788437056722〕 Caciquismo was the system of political corruption based on networks of local party bosses.〔see José Varela Ortega, ''El poder de la influencia : geografía del caciquismo en España: (1875-1923)'', Madrid 2001, ISBN 978-84-259-1152-1〕 In Navarre both features were in play, though their efficiency decreased over time and varied across the province, with countryside usually more prone to electoral fraud.〔e.g. in the urban constituency of Pamplona the turnout in the 1890s was usually lower than in the countryside, which seems counter-intuitive. The most likely explanation is that in smaller towns and villages the turnout was inflated by electoral fraud, Zaratiegui 1996, p. 198. See also Angel Garcia-Sanz Marcotegui, ''Caciques y políticos forales. Las elecciones a la Diputación de Navarra (1877-1923)'', Pamplona 1992, ISBN 8460430294〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Navarrese electoral Carlism (Restoration)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.